Timeline of the Utah Black Hawk War 1830 to 1872 Welcome to Phillip B Gottfredson's detailed timeline of the Black Hawk War of Utah. The timeline begins with Andrew Jackson's Indian Removal Act in 1830, Mormons' arrival in Utah in 1847, to the American Indian Religious Freedom Act in 1978. Gottfredson is a volunteer historian for the Timpanogos Nation, and author of the book Black Hawk's Mission of Peace.
Reading left to right, events listed in this timeline are in chronological order according to year, month, day, followed by the number of deaths of the Timpanogos Nation, Mormon colonists and the event with description. Just click on highlighted links to read the story of the events listed. The number of Timpanogos deaths does not include those who died from starvation and disease.
Note: The timeline is frequently updated, so you may want to refresh this page. Also, in the Description column, the words "not available at this time" only means the story's link is unavailable. We suggest using our search tool above to locate specific events.
Year Month Indian Deaths White Deaths Battles and Events Description 1830 Indian Removal Act was signed into law by Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830. Its purpose to remove all Native peoples east of the Mississippi to the western regions of the Mississippi. Virtually the entire Native population in the southeastern section of the United States were forced to relocate to the west known as "The Trail of Tears."
The significance of the Indian Removal Act as it pertains to the Mormon's Black Hawk War, is that there can be no doubt that it played a major role in creating the mindset that white-man had a right to take possession all the land belonging to indigenous people.
1847 July 24 Mormons enter Salt Lake Valley Trouble for the Timpanogos Nation in Utah began July 24, 1847. Brigham seeing the valley said, “Its enough, this is the right place, drive on.”
Timpanogos camped at nearby Hot Springs when Mormons arrive (north of Salt Lake)
Kanosh, Tabby, Washakie, Little Wolf, Wanship, Little Chief, Kone, Blue Shirt, Old Elk (Moonch), Opecarry, Old Battiest, Tintic, Portservic, Sowiette, Angatewats, Petnick, Walkara, Graspero, Niequia, Antero,
1848 Little Wolf in battle with Wanship not available at this time
Timpanogos Chief Wakara confronts Brigham Young Timpanogos leader Wakara had warned Brigham Young upon their arrival, that he and his people were not welcome to settle on the land of his ancestors.
Hidalgo Treaty of 1848 Hidalgo Treaty of 1848 was signed wherein the United States agreed to recognize Indian land holdings, and to allow Indian people to continue their customs and languages.
1849
Jan 18th George Albert Smith orders removal of Indians
(Fort Utah)
Apostle George A. Smith gave the command to remove the Indian people from their land.
Battle Creek Canyon MASSACRE
Battle Creek Canyon MASSACRE
Feb. 29
9 Battle Creek Canyon first massacre of Timpanogos by Mormons
(Fort Utah)
Young Black Hawk taken prisoner, family murdered. Little Chief was wet with tears and his horse wet with sweat.
Mar. 10
Provo settlement commenced
(Fort Utah)
When they were within a few miles north of the Provo River they were stopped by An-kar-tewets, a warrior of the Timpanogos, who stood before the men telling them to go back where they came from, that they were not going to make any settlement on their land.
FORT UTAH MASSACRE
FORT UTAH MASSACRE
Mar. 12th
Fort Utah Built At first the occupants at the fort attempted to turn it into a trading post. Trading buffalo hides to the Timpanogos was seen as a sacrilege.
Aug. 1st
1
Old Bishop murdered near fort Utah
The three men, Rufus Stoddard, Richard Ivie, and Gerome Zabrisky began to heckle the man, and accused him of stealing the shirt he was wearing from off a cloths line. "The men ripped his bowls open and filled them with stones preparatory to sinking the body in the river."
1850
Jan. 31st
Wells drafts orders for Captain George D. Grant to "exterminate the Timpanogos,"
(Fort Utah)
Wells drafted orders for Captain George D. Grant to "exterminate the Timpanogos," known as "Special Order No. 2". Isaac Higbee was the bishop of Fort Utah and he met with the First Presidency and the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles at the Fort when they agreed the only way to keep Fort Utah would be to exterminate the Timpanogos.
Feb. 5th
Old Elk thrown out of fort sick with measles
(Fort Utah)
Old Elk came to the fort asking for medicine for his people who were sick from the disease.
Feb. 7th
Col. Grant and troops sent to Fort Utah
(Fort Utah)
Timpanogos Old Elk, Walkara , Kone, Black Hawk, Kanosh, Battiest, Tintic, Portsovic, Angatewats, Old Sowiette, Old Petnich, Tabby, Old Uinta, Niquia, Antero, Kanosh, Opecarry,
1850
Feb. 7th
Black Hawk shows up at Fort Utah as prisoner of Col. Grant
(Fort Utah)
Brigham Young refers to Antonga as "Black Hawk"
Feb. 9th
70
Fort Utah Massacre Now that Fort Utah had been established on land that was most essential to the Timpanogos
Two Timpanogos survivors Pernetta (Chief Aropeen's daughter), and Pick
(Fort Utah)
Bishop Joseph Stacey Murdock takes Timpanogos children Pernetta and Pic.
Dr. Blake at Fort Utah Ordered troops Abner Blackburn and James Or to go out and behead each of the frozen corpses lying about in the snow.
April
Fort Utah dismantled and moved to Provo May
Cattle and horses raided at Fort Utah June
Chief Wakara (Walker) vows revenge
Cattle and horses Raided Richville
(Richfield, Utah)
1851
March
5
Porter Rockwell murders 5 Indian prisoners
(Excerpts are from Peter Gottfredson's book Indian Depredations in Utah)
9
Captain Wm. McBride kills 9 Indians Skull Valley May
1
Death of Squash Head at Springville 1
Indian raid on mill Richville Custer killed.
(Richfield, Utah)
9
Goshen Valley Battle
n/a 15 est
Mormon Militia raids Indians at Black Rock
not available at this time
1852
The mystery year where nothing is recorded about the Black Hawk War.
Utah Legislators sanction slavery. Feb. 4
The Act in Relation to Service, made slavery legal in Utah.
Also see: Mormons used slavery as a tool of redemption
"The requirement for ownership was... with Indian slaves only having to be in possession of white person. Utah is unique in that it had an active enslavement of both Africans and Indians." (Wikipedia)
1853
20
Cattle Raid Payson
not available at this time
July 6
Walker Statement: At the request of Maj. [Jacob] Holeman Ind. Agent for UT. Ter. I (M.S. Martenas) held a conversation with Indian Chief Walker respecting his feelings and wishes relative to the whites settling [sic] on this lands, and on the lands of the Indians generally.
WALKER WAR
WALKER WAR
July 17
Ivie kills Indians; begins Walker War
(Wakara)
James Ivie
Wakara Declares War The Walker War
July 19
1
Indians kill Alexander Keele at Payson
(Wakara)
July 23
7
Provo seven Indians killed
not available at this time
Allreds settle Spring City
not available at this time
Aug. 10
1
(Excerpts from Peter Gottfredson's book Indian Depredations in Utah)
Isaac Duffin
1853
Aug.
2
(Excerpts from Peter Gottfredson's book Indian Depredations in Utah)
John Dixon, John Quayle, John Hoagland John Knight
1
Fillmore
William Hatton
Sept. 29
20
Salt Creek Canyon 20 Indians killed
not available at this time 6
1
Goshen Battle C. B. Hancock wounded
not available at this time
Sept. 30
8
4
Uintah Springs 8 Indians and 4 Mormons killed
(Excerpts from Peter Gottfredson's book Indian Depredations in Utah)
Oct. 2
8
(Excerpts from Peter Gottfredson's book Indian Depredations in Utah)
2
(Excerpts from Peter Gottfredson's book Indian Depredations in Utah)
Oct. 4
2
William Mills and John Warner killed Manti
(Excerpts from Peter Gottfredson's book Indian Depredations in Utah)
Oct. 14
1
Fernee Tindrell killed at Santiquin
(Excerpts from Peter Gottfredson's book Indian Depredations in Utah)
1853
Oct. 25
12
(Excerpts from Peter Gottfredson's book Indian Depredations in Utah)
Pants, Mareer, Jim, Carboorits, Nunkiboolits, Tomwants, Koonants, Skipoke, Doctor Jacob, Wahbits, and Jimmy Knights.
Whites: Captain Gunnison, R. A. Kern, F. Creutzfeldts, Wm. Potter, and seven men.
4
(Excerpts from Peter Gottfredson's book Indian Depredations in Utah)
Nov. 6
Sanpete County Chases Sawmill burned
(Excerpts from Peter Gottfredson's book Indian Depredations in Utah)
1854
Jan 6
Spring City Allred settlement burned
(Excerpts from Peter Gottfredson's book Indian Depredations in Utah)
May
(Excerpts from Peter Gottfredson's book Indian Depredations in Utah)
Aug. 8
2
William and Warren Weeks killed
(Excerpts from Peter Gottfredson's book Indian Depredations in Utah)
1855
Jan 29
1
Wakara died poisoned by Mormons
(Wakara)
Buried in hills above Meadow
Walkara's brother Arapeen becomes Chief July 19
Salmon River Mission
not available at this time
Benjamin Johnson at Spring Lake Benjamin Johnson makes friends with a Timpanogos leader Guffick, son of Santaquin, Spring Lake, Utah
Salmon River Mission abandoned
not available at this time
TINTIC WAR
TINTIC WAR
1856
Feb. 21
5
(Excerpts from Peter Gottfredson's book Indian Depredations in Utah)
1856 In the year 1856, the Indians, a part of the Timpanogos, again became hostile, and a sufficient number of them went on the war path to make it expensive and annoying to the settlers. Tintic's brother Battest (Battieste) was shot in the head while trying to save Tintic.
June 4
4
Salt Creek Canyon June 4th. Jens Jorgensen and wife, Jens Ter- klesen and Christian E. Kjerluf were massacred by Indians in Salt Creek Canyon, June 4th, 1858 while traveling unarmed on their way to Sanpete Valley.
1857
Sept - 11
125
Mountain Meadows Massacre Paiute wrongly blamed for 125 whites murdered by members of LDS Church.
Sept 20
Peter Gottfredson arrives from Denmark
Peter Gottfredson Autobiography
1858
2
(Excerpts from Peter Gottfredson's book Indian Depredations in Utah)
On October 15th, 1858,--The remains of and Samuel Brown, of Fillmore, Millard County, were found is a state of decomposition near Chicken Creek bridge, Juab County. They had been murdered by Indians on October 7th.
Johstons Army Arrives Brigham Young orders Lot Smith to burn armies wagons. A faithful follower by the name of Lot Smith carried out the order, causing 2500 men to suffer extreme hardship during the bitter cold of winter.
Disease is spreading rampant among Indian population
1860
1 Camp Floyd Peaceable Indian murdered
(Excerpts from Peter Gottfredson's book Indian Depredations in Utah)
Chief Arapeen Dies and his brother Tabby becomes Chief of the Timpanogos Nation. Tabby makes Arapeen's son Jake (Yene-wood) war Chief.
1 Deep Creek Tooele Mail Station attendant killed, horse stolen May 28th, 1860 The Indians attacked the mail station at Deep Creek, Tooele County, shot a man and stole several horses.
1861
(The Utah Timpanogos-Ute Contradiction)
1863
Jan 29
350
Bear River Massacre of Snake-Shoshone
Also See video
In 1863, 350 Shoshone men women and children were brutally massacred at Bear River.
Peter Gottfredson living in Sanpete and Severe Valley in Indian camps
April 12
4 Little Soldier bravely attacks Gen. Connors outfit April 12th. Timpanogos warrior Little Soldier bravely attacks General Connors outfit and was killed by Porter Rockwell. "I will ever remember the appearance of Little Soldier and his Indians."
May 5
1
Boxelder Sagawitch Band
not available at this time
June 10
2
Cedar Valley Stage attacked
not available at this time
July 30
12
Shell Creek Station
not available at this time
Peter Gottfredson in Thistle Valley
(Peter Gottfredson Bio)
1864
Timpanogos being forced on reservation
1865
Uintah Valley Reservation was created March 28
Brigham Young Promises Sanpitch father of Black Hawk
Brigham Young made the following promise to Chief Sanpitch of the Timpanogos at Spanish Fork. He said, "Sanpitch, Sowiette, Tabby and all of you, I want you to understand what I say to you. I am looking out for your welfare...
BLACK HAWK WAR
BLACK HAWK WAR
1865
April 9
Manti John Lowry triggers Black Hawk War "It was a matter of supremacy between the whiteman and the Indian."
April 10
2
Barney Ward and Peter Ludvigson killed.
(Peter Gottfredson Bio)
Mormon Population about 50,000
Leadership is passed from Arapean's son Jake to Black Hawk who then becomes War Chief John Lowry is accused of starting the Black Hawk War
2
Twelve Mile Creek not available at this time
April 12
2
Salina Canyon
not available at this time
June 8
Signing of the Spanish Fork Treaty
The Spanish Fork Treaty was negotiated with the Timpanogos Nation. However, the treaty would fail ratification as it bore the signature of Brigham Young, thus leaving intact the Uinta Valley Reservation, land belonging to the Timpanogos.
July 18
Grass Valley Massacre The soldiers then surrounded the camp and opened fire on them killing women, men, and children. Two managed to escape, and one little boy was found laying next to his dead mother was taken custody.
July 26
2
Attack at Glenwood
not available at this time
Oct. 17
7 Ephraim seven settlers killed not available at this time Nov. 25
4
Raid on Circleville
See: Circleville Massacre
1866
Jan 20
7
2 Pipe Springs
not available at this time
March 12
1
Sanpitch taken captive at Nephi Sanpitch, father of Black Hawk.
April 2
1
3
Short Creek
not available at this time
April 13
7
1
Salina Canyon seven Timpanogos killed
not available at this time
April 14
3
Indians break jail in Manti three are killed
not available at this time
April 16
Kimball's & Conover's in Manti
not available at this time
1
Christian Larsen Killed Spanish Fork
not available at this time
3
Salina vacated 3 Timpanogos killed
not available at this time
2
Fort Sanford Santick and Shegump killed
not available at this time
1
Spanish Fork
not available at this time
1
Springville
not available at this time
April 21
26 Author: Phillip B Gottfredson researched Circleville Massacre for nearly 6 years.
And so it was that one by one they were led out of the cellar, 24 in all. There were women, men, and children, and they were first struck from behind on the head to stun them, then their throats were cut.
2
2
Marysvale
1
Marysvale Little Indian girl murdered April 22
2
Salina Vacated
not available at this time
2 Fort Sanford Seagump and one other killed
not available at this time
April 26
4 2
Little Diamond Battle Chief Mountain wounded.
April 28
(Circleville Massacre)
May 26
First Indian Raid on cattle Heber
June 6 ?
James Ivie kills Timpanogos Chief Panacara (Arapeen) NOTE: Chief Arrapeen died of smallpox in 1865. Which contridicts this account. It may have been James Ivie killed Arapeen's son Jake.
June 10
2
Scipio Black Hawk takes 350 head of cattle James R, Ivie and Henry Wright killed
Round Valley Scipio, Utah
June 10
Battle at Gravely Ford Black Hawk & White Horse Wounded
June 18
1
Chief Sanpitch Murdered Black Hawk's father
June 24
1
Thistle Valley
not available at this time
June 26
2
General Erastus Snow sends 60 men to Gunnison Captain Andrus killed
not available at this time
July 16
2
Second Raid on cattle Heber
not available at this time
July
Old Peace Treaty Tree 1866 July-August Bishop Canute Peterson of Ephraim, Utah paid a visit to the ailing Timpanogos leader Black Hawk who had been wounded in battle at Gravely Ford near Richfield, Utah.
Aug.
Third raid on cattle Heber
not available at this time
Aug. 20
Fourth raid on cattle Heber
not available at this time
Oct. 8
Fifth raid on cattle Heber
not available at this time
Sept. 18 6
Red Lake battle 6 Timpanogos killed General Snow wounded
not available at this time
Oct. 27
3
Attack on Lee's Ranch
not available at this time
Nearly 70 Mormon villages evacuated not available at this time 1867
Jan 14
Black Hawk meets with Tabby
Jan 18
11
St. George Col. Pierce and Andrews
not available at this time
Mar 21
4
Glenwood-Black Ridge
not available at this time
April 15
Gen. R.T. Burton ordered to Sanpete
not available at this time
April 20
Glenwood, Richfield & Monroe vacated
not available at this time
April 22
Binder's infantry leaves SLC for Sanpete
not available at this time
June 1
1
Fountain Green Louis Lund killed
not available at this time
June 2
2
Twelve Mile Canyon Major Vance & Sgt. Holtz Killed
not available at this time
Aug. 10
Black Hawk sends word to Franklin He wants peace
Aug. 12
*Black Hawk tells Agent Head stop fighting Aug. 20
Heber Treaty Tabby and Joseph Murdock meet
(Excerpts from Peter Gottfredson's book Indian Depredations in Utah)
Black Hawk begins his Mission of Peace begins 1
Sanpete Capt. Wm. Binder's Cavalry
Adam Paul wounded
2
Spring City
J. Meeks and A. Johnson killed
Spring City Raid
not available at this time
12
Pine Valley Eleven Indians Killed
(Excerpts from Peter Gottfredson's book Indian Depredations in Utah)
Sept. 5
1
Warm Creek
John Hay Killed
1868
Mar 21 1
Fort Mohave
Edwin Wooley killed
April 1
3
Raid on Kane County
not available at this time
April
1
2
Battle at Rocky Ford
Justusen and Wilson killed, White Horse killed, the one Black Hawk had rescued at Gravely Ford
2
1
Buckhorn Springs near Beaver
Wm. James Allred
Salt Creek Canyon
Tabiona, James Ivie,
July 11
4
Battle at Rock Lake
not available at this time
Aug. 19
Strawberry Treaty August 19th
Black Hawk credited for it's success and Head
Nov. 10
2
(Excerpts from Peter Gottfredson's book Indian Depredations in Utah)
(Excerpts from Peter Gottfredson's book Indian Depredations in Utah)
1869
March 22
Brigham Young submits bill to Congress for reembursement of 1.5 million dollars spent in church funds to "get rid" of the Indians of Utah.
This document MEMORIAL OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF UTAH is housed at the Mt. Pleasant Relic Home on main street.
May 10
Transcontinental Railroad completed 1
Jake Arapeen murdered
Circa 1869 Exact date not known, covered up.
1870
Black Hawk's Mission of Peace Travels 200 miles horseback from Cedar City to Spring Lake
Sept. 26
Black Hawk dies at Spring Lake 1871
Aug. PIOCHE BURNS In August, 1871 the town Pioche burned. It was caused by a lantern falling on a porch of a boarding house kept by two women.
1871
Timpanogos removed from the Wasatch to the Uintah Reservation U.S. federal troops stepped in and fiftheen-hundred Timpanogos Indians were driven from their homes in the shining mountains and valleys of Utah at gunpoint, and left to fend for themselves in one of the most desolate regions of Utah.
1872
3
Glenwood
"the white horse Chief" Shena- Vegan. Present were Hans Gottfredson, Peter Oldroyd, Archibald Oldroyd,
June 6
1
Twelve Mile Creek Niels Heizelt killed Aug. 12
1
Tabby can't control his warriors
(Excerpts from Peter Gottfredson's book Indian Depredations in Utah)
boy Stewart killed Spanish Fork
Aug. 13
1
Fairview
Nathan Stewart killed
Aug. 17
1
Mt. Pleasant telegraph office
Jeremiah Page killed by Richard Smith dressed as an Indian
Sept. 17
Peace agreement at Mt. Pleasant
not available at this time
1
Fairview
Nathan Stewart Killed
Treaty at Springville
Tabby signed
Sept. 26
1
Spring City Daniel Miller Killed
(Excerpts from Peter Gottfredson's book Indian Depredations in Utah)
Daniel Miller killed, Peter Gottfredson present
Mormon population about 180,000 Total
Deaths
932
238
Timpanogos Population 2300
Post War Events
Post War Events
1880
Colorado Utes killed an unprincipled Indian agent Nathan Meeker
(The Utah Timpanogos-Ute Contradiction)
Colorado Utes sent to Uintah Valley Reservation as 'prisoners of war.'
1881
Congress to impose upon the Ute Indian peoples the Relocation Act
(The Utah Timpanogos-Ute Contradiction)
Meeker Massacre "The Utes Must Go" forcing Colorado Utes into cohabitation with the Timpanogos on the Uintah Valley Reservation
1886
President Chester Arthur by Executive Mansion set aside temporarily land for the Colorado Utes to graze their cattle, known today as Ouray.
(The Utah Timpanogos-Ute Contradiction)
1887
Dawes Allotment act Also known as the General Allotment Act, the law allowed for the President to break up reservation land held in common by the members of a tribe, into small allotments which were then parceled out to individuals.
1892
Chief Tabby Dies at Tabiona
He is believed to have been 113 years of age
1894
John Lowry States Cause of Black Hawk War at the Reynolds Hall at Springville.
1898
Utah becomes state
1909
Government Census Indian population 2300
Non-Indian pop 370,000 Utah
1919
Members of LDS Church loots Black Hawk's Grave. 1934
Reorganization Act Pres. Roosevelt over turns Dawes Act being unconstitutional. It was designed to undo some of the devastating problems caused by the Dawes Act. It did away with the boarding house schools, ended the allotment of tribal lands. recognized tribal governments and encouraged tribes to adopt constitutions, prohibited lands from being taken away from tribes.
1937
The Ute Tribe was formed 1937 Adopts as it's constitutional name "The Ute Tribe of the Uintah Ouray Reservation" Note: There does not exist a reservation named the Uintah Ouray.
1953
Ernest L. Wilkinson co-authors the Termination Act.
(Wikipedia)
The Termination Act proved very destructive to Tribe nation wide and was finally blocked by Presidents Kennedy, Nixon, and Johnson. Enacted by Congress, it was intended to end all relations between the Federal Government and the Native Nations. It was yet another attempt to assimilate the American peoples into white-man's culture. It was intended to grant full rights and privileges of citizenship to the Native peoples, and tax their land.
1996
Black Hawk's remains reburied at Sping Lake, Utah It took an act of Congress, the help of National Forest Service archeologist Charmain Thompson, and the humanitarian efforts of a boy scout Shane Armstrong to find and rebury the remains of Black Hawk at Spring Lake, the place of his birth.
1975
Self Determination Act "Native American people were now able to operate their own schools. Native Americans now have the chance to take control of their own education bringing their own languages, beliefs and philosophies to their schools."
1978
The American Indian Religious Freedom Act 1978 The American Indian Religious Freedom Act (commonly abbreviated to AIRFA) is a US federal law and a joint resolution of Congress that was passed in 1978. It was created to protect and preserve the traditional religious rights and cultural practices of American Indians, Eskimos, Aleuts and Native Hawaiians.
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